Maratha

Shivaji (1627 – 1680)

• Born at Shivner (Father → Shahji Bhosale, Mother → Jija Bai)
• Inherited Jagir of Poona from his father in 1637
• Continuous fight with Aurangzeb
• Shaishta khan captured Poona, but Shivaji reclaimed it
• Aurangzeb sent Raja jai Singh of Amber, who besieged Purander fort → Treaty of Purander, 1665
• Treaty of Purander → Shivaji surrendered 23 / 35 forts to Mughals & said to be loyal to Mughal empire.
• In 1674, Shivaji recaptured all his lost territory & crowned himself at Raigarh assuming the title of Chhtrapati

Administration

• King was pivot at the center, led by COM’s called “Astapradhan”

• Peshwa → Finance & General administrator (Later became PM)
• Amatya → Accountant General
• Sar – i – Naubat / Senapati → Military commander
• Waqnavis → Intelligence & Household affairs
• Sachiv → Correspondence
• Sumanta → Master of ceremonies
• Nyayadhish → Justice Chief
• Pandit Rao → Charities & Religious admin

• Appointed his own revenue official “Karkuns” diminishing the power of existing Deshmukhs & Kulkarnis

Taxes

• From neighboring kingdoms of Mughals & Deccan
• Chauth → 1 / 4 of the land revenue to Marathas (for not attacking them & keeping safe)
• Deshmukhis → levy of 1/10 on lands Marathas claimed hereditary rights (Maratha land)

Peshwas (1713 – 1818)

• Balaji Vishvanath → under Maratha ruler Shahu
• Baji Rao → under Maratha ruler Shahu
• Balaji Baji Rao → became King & ruler of Marathas (Shahu Died)

Agreement with Mughals

• Balaji Bajirao came into agreement with Mughals in 1752
• Protection of Mughals in exchange of revenue (Chauth) from Northern provinces

3^rd Battle of Panipat

• Ahmed Shah Abdali vs Balaji Bajirao
• When Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded India, Marathas fought for Mughals.
• Balaji Bajirao got defeated & died in 3^rd battle of Panipat.