G.E. MOORE – REFUTATION OF IDEALISM
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Introduction George Edward Moore was one of the founders of Analytic Philosophy and a strong critic of Absolute Idealism, especially the philosophy of Hegel and British Idealists like Bradley and…
HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY
Introduction Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was one of the most influential philosophers of the German Idealist tradition. His philosophy is known as Absolute Idealism because he believed that the ultimate…
Immanuel Kant’s Philosophy
Introduction Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is widely regarded as one of the greatest philosophers in Western thought and a central figure who reshaped philosophy through his Critical Philosophy. He attempted to…
John Locke’s Philosophy
Introduction John Locke (1632–1704) is a foundational thinker of modern philosophy, widely known as the “Father of Empiricism” and “Father of Liberalism.” His philosophy marks a decisive shift from the…
Spinoza’s Philosophy
Introduction Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) is one of the most original and radical philosophers of the modern period, known for his systematic and rational approach to metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Unlike…
India’s Nuclear Power Expansion: Roadmap to 100 GW by 2047
In the Union Budget 2025–26, the Government of India announced an ambitious plan to expand nuclear power capacity from approximately 8,180 MW to 100 GW by 2047. This vision aligns…
India Must Draw a Red Line on U.S. Unilateral Sanctions
Context The intensifying geopolitical conflict involving the United States and Israel against Iran has triggered far-reaching global economic disruptions. For India, the consequences are immediate and multifaceted—ranging from rising energy…
Aquaculture in Reservoirs & Amrit Sarovars: Budget 2026 Push for Fisheries and Blue Economy
Context The Union Budget 2026–27 has announced a major initiative for the integrated development of fisheries in 500 reservoirs and Amrit Sarovars. The initiative aims to: Harness India’s vast…
Artemis II Mission & the New Lunar Race: US–China Space Competition
Why in News? The progress of the Artemis II marks a significant step in humanity’s return to the Moon. At the same time, it has intensified strategic competition between the…
RENÉ DESCARTES: COMPLETE PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT
Introduction René Descartes (1596–1650) is regarded as the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” He marked a decisive shift from medieval scholasticism to modern rationalism. His philosophy emphasizes reason as the primary…
George Berkeley’s Philosophy
Introduction George Berkeley (1685–1753) is one of the most radical empiricist philosophers, who transformed empiricism into a form of subjective idealism (immaterialism). While following John Locke in emphasizing experience as…
Plato – Western Political Thought
Introduction Plato (427–347 BCE) is one of the greatest philosophers in Western political thought. A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, Plato developed a comprehensive political philosophy that aimed…
