Energy Resources of India

Energy Resources of India

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Energy Resources of India

Conventional resources of Energy
  • The resources which are widely used and constitute the major source of energy.
  • Examples [arr] Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Wood etc.
  • Limited, Non-renewable, Costly, Cause Pollution & Exhaustible
Non-conventional resources
  • Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Geothermal Energy, OTEC (Ocean thermal energy conversion) etc.
  • Renewable, Cheap, Pollution free & Inexhaustible
Renewable sources of Energy
  • Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Fish, Trees etc.
Non – Renewable sources of Energy
  • Fossils (Coal, Gas), Minerals, Nuclear Power etc.
Biotic resources
  • Which have life >> Forests, Crops, Animals, Coal & Mineral oil
Abiotic resources
  • Land, Water, Minerals

Energy Resources of India

Ashok Chawla Committee on Natural Resources

  • Creation of national database of natural resources
  • Allocation of natural resources, if possible, through e-auction
  • Measures for benefit of stakeholders in mineral rich areas

Need for conserving Conventional Energy Resources

  • Are limited in supply and cannot be renewed easily.
  • Due to population explosion, modernization and industrialization the demand for energy resources is increasing day by day.
  • To control energy crisis there is need to conserve conventional energy resources.
  • There is also an eminent need to explore alternative sources of energy.

Energy Crisis

  • A situation in which resources are less than the demand.
  • In the past few decades due to high demand, there is shortage of energy resources, which has created energy crisis
  • Major causes for Energy Crisis:
  • Rapid Industrialization
  • Over Population
  • Transfer losses
  • Rise in oil prices
  • Problems in Middle east
  • Wastage of energy resources

Coal

  • Quality of coal is determined by its carbon content
  • Major problems of Indian Coal –
  • Low Carbon content
  • High Ash content
  • Low Calorific Value
  • Major coal producing areas in India [arr] Jharkhand > Odisha > Chhattisgarh > West Bengal
  • Chhota Nagpur Region [arr] Hub of 90 % of Indian minerals (esp.in Coal & Iron [arr] Ruhr of India)

Coal Reserves India


Major types of Coals

Anthracite

  • Best quality coal
  • Approx. 90 % carbon content
  • Found at J & K only in India
  • Very little smoke & ash content
  • Burns without flames
Bituminous

  • 70 – 90 % carbon content
  • Most common in India
  • Used in making coke
Lignite

  • 40 – 70 % carbon content
  • Known as brown coal.
Peat

  • 1st transformation of wood into coal
  • ~ 40 % carbon content


Coal Reserves Statewise India

Coke

  • Formed by destructive distillation of coke
  • Heating of coal in the absence of oxygen to burn of volatile gases
  • High in carbon content

Petroleum / Mineral Oil

  • Found in sedimentary rocks of marine origin.
  • Formed by decomposition of tiny marine creatures, plants & vegetation under mud, silt & sand.
  • Over the years, it underwent chemical changes to form crude oil & natural gas under the action of heat & pressure.
  • 20 % of India’s crude oil & gas demand is produced domestically & 80 % is imported.
  • Jamnagar Refineries of Reliance industries is world largest refinery complex.

Natural Gas

  • Mainly contains methane & found in association with mineral oil (75 % lies in Bombay high & Bassein oil fields)
  • Largest share of NG is as follows –
  • 40 % [arr] Production of chemical fertilizers
  • 30 % [arr] Power generation
  • 10 % [arr] LPG (Cooking Gas)
  • Conventional sources [arr] Shale Sas, Coal Bed Methane, Methane Hydrates, Tight Sandstones

Bio-Fuels

  • Fuel derived from Non fossil plants.
  • In India, mainly centers around cultivation & processing of Jatropha plant seeds, used in production of Bio – Diesel
  • Encouraged only on wasteland / government / forest land
  • Not allowed on fertile land
  • To produce ethanol from sugarcane (Bio-ethanol)
  • National Bio-fuel Policy – Targets minimum 20% biofuel blending (both bio-diesel and bio-ethanol) across the country by 2017

Electricity in India [arr] Thermal > Hydro > Wind > Nuclear

Thermal Energy

  • 67 % of total energy production
  • Generated by using fossil fuels (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas)
  • No Geological conditions required
  • Limited reserves, Rising demands (cost) & non – ecofriendly.
  • Largest Producer [arr] Maharashtra
  • To boost Thermal power production gov. has promoted Ultra Mega Power Projects (4000 MW & above)

Hydroelectricity

  • 18 % of total energy production
  • Eco-friendly, Clean & Renewable
  • Small hydel power projects < 25 MW
  • Are counted under New renewable energy sources
  • Largest Producer [arr] Andhra Pradesh
  • Central electricity authority (CEC) has estimated Hydel power potential of 84000 MW at 60 % load factor from 39000 MW at present

Nuclear Energy

  • 26 % of total energy production
  • Energy obtained from atomic minerals viz. Uranium, Thorium, zircon, beryllium
  • Provide colossal energy through a small quantity of substance
  • Thorium [arr] Found as monazite sand in lakes & sea beds
  • Thorium [arr] AP > TN > Kerala > Orissa constitutes 30 % of world reserves
  • Largest Producer [arr] Tamil Nadu
  • Very economical; does not produce green-house gases that pollute atmosphere

Nuclear Reactors in India

Wind Energy

  • Non-conventional Renewable source of energy
  • 5th largest installed wind power capacity in the world
  • Largest Producer [arr] Tamil Nadu
  • High cost as compared to the efficiency of power generated
  • Nagercoil (TN) and Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.

Solar Energy

  • Non-conventional Renewable source of energy
  • Thermal + Photovoltaic [arr] Sunlight to energy
  • High cost as compared to the efficiency of power generated
  • India plans to add 20000 MW of solar energy by 2022 under Jawahar Nehru National Solar Mission
  • The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhavpur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans.

Tidal Energy

  • Non-conventional Renewable source of energy
  • Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.
  • Floodgate dams are built across inlets
  • During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed.
  • After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
  • In India, the Gulf of Kutch, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.
  • Experimental plant (150 kw) at Vizinjam (Thiruvananthapuram) & 900 mw at Kutch

Tidal Energy

Geo Thermal Energy

  • Refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth
  • Exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth
  • Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot.
  • It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam.
  • This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
  • Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy
  • Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley, Ladakh

Geothermal Energy

Bio Gas

  • Energy produced from organic waste such as farm waste, shrubs, animal and human waste
  • Converted into energy by direct combustion or by conversion of such wastages into alcohol, methane, or other storage fuels
  • Provides pollution-free energy
  • Cheaper than most of the common fuels
  • The residue can be used as manure
  • Has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, cow dung, coal and charcoal

OTEC

  • Ocean thermal energy conversion
  • Uses the difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow surface ocean waters to run a heat engine.
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