Industries of India

Primary Industries

• Use natural raw material
• Examples → Hunting-gathering, pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, mining and quarrying

Secondary Industries

• Make complex products using the material obtained from primary industry

• Steel → Automobiles, Railway engines
• Wooden Pulp → Rayon
• Al + Cu → Electrical & Electronics products
• Fibers → Readymade Garments

• Secondary Industry can be sub classified into

• Heavy Industries → Engineering, metal goods, heavy chemicals, shipbuilding, locomotives
• Light industries → Electronics, plastic, textile, cosmetic etc.

Tertiary Industries

• Not a branch of manufacturing but sells the product of primary and secondary industries via transport, trading, wholesale & retailing
• Basically include Service providers industry
• Provides services such as tourism, education, entertainment, advertisements, consultancy, Administration, healthcare etc.

Factors responsible for the location of industries

• Availability of Raw Material
• Power Resources
• Availability of water
• Labour
• Transportation
• Availability of Market
• Capital
• Government Policies

Need for Industrialization in India

• To reduce dependence on the other countries and become self sufficient
• To maintain the balance of trade
• To accelerate the economic growth
• To solve the problem of unemployment

Why decentralization of industries

• Employment opportunities in every region of the country
• Equitable distribution of national income
• Removal of regional disparities
• Check upon the concentration of population in certain parts of the country

Industries polluting the environment

• Emitting Harmful Effluents and Smoke into the Air
• Discharging Large Quantities of Chemical Waste and Garbage
• Degradation of fertile Land
• Contamination of Underground Water

Solutions

• Use of Hydro-Electricity instead of thermal power
• Use of Higher Quality Coal for Thermal Plants emitting less smoke
• Shifting of Factories out of Municipal Limits
• Discharging dirty water & smoke only after treatment
• Recycling of industrial Water
• Enacting Stringent Laws for checking Pollution and Degradation of the Environment
• Planting of Trees and Creating Mini-Forest Areas by Industry owners

Indian Industries

Cottage Industries

• Provide jobs to millions of people
• Check migration of rural people to urban areas
• Can be started with low investment
• Helps to earn additional income for rural people
• Use local raw material → Optimum utilization of national resources
• Earn a lot of foreign exchange for the country
• Generate seasonal as well as perennial employment for labour.
• Play significant role in our national economy.

Timber Industry

Fishing in India → East vs West

• In India, fishing is more developed along western coast than in Eastern coast because –

• Continental shelf in Western Coast are wider → more plankton → more fishes
• Commercial varieties like Prawns and Mackerel are mostly confined along western coast.

Cotton and Textile Industry

• Cotton as a raw material is lightweight & non-perishable.
• Cotton changed to yarn/textile → Hardly any weight loss
• Therefore, proximity to raw material site is not essential → doesn’t offer great cost-saving in transportation (Unlike sugar, Cement or Steel industry)
• Result → other factors become more important in industrial location viz.

• nearness to market
• nearness to water body (for dyeing, bleaching)
• Energy to run power looms and textile machines
• cheap labour supply & availability of capital/finance

Climate as factor

• In dry climate, the cotton-threads will break quickly during spinning.
• Machine halts, you’ve to join the threads again to restart operation → not good for mass production.
• In humid climate, thread will rarely break.
• So, cotton textiles were setup near coastal areas.
• Today we’ve humidifiers that can artificially increase the air-moisture in factory/workshed
• Hence you can setup factory anywhere, run it efficiently, irrespective of climate outside.

Cotton Industry locations in India

• Maharashtra (Mumbai – Cotton polish of India)
• Ahmadabad (Gujrat)
• Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)

Challenges faced by cotton industry

• Fluctuations in the production of raw material

• Production of cotton is uncertain
• Fluctuates depending on the climatic conditions
• Makes the supply of raw material irregular

• Poor Quality of Cotton produced in India
• Unavailability of adequate and unfailing supply of Power due to inadequacy of regular coal supply
• Increased competition in global market both in cost and quality from countries viz. Japan, Korea, the USA and Taiwan
• Old and outdated machinery and need for modernization → low productivity and high production cost
• Strikes, lock-outs and market rivalry have also made the industry sick
• The invention of synthetic as a substitute for cotton has also resulted in the decline of cotton industry

Why cotton textile industry is largely concentrated in Maharashtra

• Availability of Raw Material

• Cotton is the basic input of cotton textile industry
• Maharashtra is the leading producer of cotton

• Transport & Export Facility

• Mumbai has excellent transportation network
• It is also a port city and so good export facilities are available
• Good quality cotton, machines and the raw material are easily imported and finished products can be easily exported

• Labour, finance & Market Availability

• Maharashtra has high density of population mainly due to immigration
• Skilled and unskilled labour is easily available
• Due to high density of population, demand for the products is also high
• Home of all major financial and banking institutions to make finances available easily for the growth of this industry

• Favourable Climate & Power availability

• Maharashtra has equitable climate
• Ensures the production of cotton
• Western Ghats provide suitable conditions for the generation of cheap hydroelectricity required for this industry

Silk Industry

• India has vast labour & market to match silk farming
• India grows all important varieties of silk viz. Mulberry, Tasar, Oak Tasar, Eri and Muga
• But demand is greater than production, so even we have to import from china (particularly bivoltine mulberry silk)
• Mulberry silk → Mainly in Southern states (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh) + WB + J & K
• Non – Mulberry → Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha + North East

Geographical Factors

• Raw material (Mulberry plants) can be grown in any type of soil even in forest fringes, hill slopes
• Can even withstand draught
• Works well in non-green revolution, non-irrigated areas of East and NE India
• Sericulture does not involve hard labor.
• Silkworms can be reared by women and old people → side income
• In Eastern States, Farmers earlier used to grow Jute but Jute demand declined so they shifted to Sericulture
• Works on simple technology
• No sophisticated equipment needed
• Can be done by small and marginal farmers

Woolen Industry

Raw material

• Wool as raw material → non-perishable, lightweight
• For Apparels → Indian wool consists of coarse fibers which irritate body.
• Hence for decent apparels, we’ve import Australian wool (exception Kashmiri Shawls)
• For non-apparels → Even to produce decent Carpets, blankets, you’ve to mix it with New Zealand’s wool
• Hence location of woolen textile is not tied to raw material site

Market

• Winter in North India → brutally cold hence good demand
• ~75% of industries concentrated in Northern States because of market factor

Parallel to wool-market factor, you can see that Cotton textile industry is profound in southern half of India because warm-humid climate hence more demand for Cotton garments in south India than woolen

Indian woolen textile regions

Jute Industry → West Bengal (India)

Major problems faced by the Jute Industry in India

• After independence most of the jute-producing areas went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) resulting in acute shortage of raw jute (raw material required for Jute production)
• Indian Jute industry is facing very stiff competition from other jute producing countries viz. Bangladesh, Philippines, Japan and Brazil
• As such the market for jute goods has shrunk due to invention of synthetic substitutes as a replacement of Jute
• Wage rates need to be linked with productivity, new sophisticated machinery needed, but labour unions is resistant → businessmen not doing new investment.
• Labour unrest and strikes have further added problems for this industry
• Lack of marketing strategy to promote Indian jute as eco-friendly, biodegradable packing material among environmentally conscious customers in US and Europe

Viticulture → India

Rubber Plantations

Nature of Raw Material

• Natural Rubber is obtained from latex of rubber trees
• Latex is white milky liquid, collected by making cut on rubber tree bark
• Latex contains 30-40% rubber
• Rest of the material is lost during processing
• Hence preliminary processing is done near Raw material site

Labour availability

• Tapper need to make cuts deep enough to chop the latex tube but without damaging cambium → need skills
• Latex is collected by affixing artificial cups on the tree bark
• But latex will coagulate in cup, if kept for long hence tapper needs to collect latex regularly → need lot of laborers

Climate

• Hates cold + likes abundant moisture → Hot & wet climate
• Both conditions met near tropics

Rubber → Kerala

• In Kerala, Rubber grown on hill slops of W Ghats in Travancore, Kozikode, Malabar, Kottayam distrcits
• Kerala → lot of coconuts → their shell is used as “cup” to collect latex

Sugar Industry

Nature of Raw material

• Sugar mills are located near sugar growing areas, because of two factors
• Perishable → Sugarcane contains sucrose & once you cut the sugarcane, the sucrose content starts to decline. Hence raw material must be quickly transported.
• Weight loss → Sugar accounts for only ~10% of the bulky sugarcane and therefore it is prohibitively expensive to transport sugarcane over long-distance in its original form.

Sugar mill

Sugar Refinery

Factor : North India vs South India → Sugar production

• South India → No Loo + No frost + Moderating effect of ocean
• Ideal climate for sugarcane growth
• But the sugarcane cultivate/industry in South India is not as large as UP-Maharashtra belt as :

• During British-raj, North India used to cultivate indigo as cash crop but then invention of synthetic dyes
• Hence farmers switched to sugarcane
• In South India, farmers have better cash-crop alternatives
• For e.g. cotton, tobacco, coconut, groundnut etc.

• Other Climatic & Economic factors Factors

• Fertile soil
• Tropical climate
• More than 100 cm rainfall annually
• Better availability of irrigation facilities
• Availability of Electric power
• Availability of cheap labour

• So you don’t see a large sugar belt like UP

The sugar industry is now shifting from North to South because

• The sugar contents in southern state’s cane is higher.
• South has better export facilities as compared to North
• Climate is also suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane

Tea plantation Industry

Labour availability

• Weeding, manure, pruning and plucking → tedious job + need skill + patience
• Cheap female labour force is essential (same factor like sericulture)
• Since tea has to be grown in hill slopes, mechanization not possible
• Even while drying, rolling, fermentation, grading and packaging of tea, skilled manpower needed
• Therefore, tea plantation is done near areas with high population density

Raw material

• Tea leaves to tea, involves considerable weight loss
• Hence tea processing is done in the estate/plantation itself
• Further blending/repacking could be done at break of the bulk location
• For e.g. port cities like London
• [Break of the bulk] → Place where mode of transportation changes e.g. waterway to railways

Climate

• Frost damages the leaves hence tea is not grown beyond Northern China / Honshu
• Very long winter retards plant growth hence decreases yield

Topography

• Doesn’t like stagnant water
• Hence, has to be grown on highland or hill slopes
• for e.g. hills of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri (West Bengal) & Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu)

Coffee Plantation → Karnataka + Kerala (India)