Electricity & Magnetism
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Electricity & Magnetism Conductors & Charges When a hollow conductor is charged with static electricity, charge resides on outside surface of the conductor while inner surface remains unchanged. Hence, If…
Heat & Thermodynamics
Heat & Thermodynamics Thermodynamics (F – 32 / 180 = C/100) > At -40*C both scales show identical readings No upper limit of temp. is defined but have a definite lower…
Fluids Mechanics
Fluids Mechanics Pressure in liquid (P) = Density * g * h Relative Density (Hg) = 13.6 > Relative Density (Fe) > (Iron flows in mercury & do not sink)…
Properties of Solids
Properties of Solids Solids have a fixed shape and volume due to strong intermolecular forces. Key properties include elasticity, plasticity, hardness, strength, ductility, and malleability, which define how solids behave…
Waves & Oscillations
Waves & Oscillations Every oscillatory motion (small frequency) is vibratory motion (large frequency) but not vice a versa SHM > Force is directly proportional to displacement from mean / equilibrium…
Basics of Mechanics
Basics of Mechanics Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of motion, forces, and their effects on objects. It includes kinematics, dynamics, statics, work, energy, and…
Fiber Optics & Laser
Fiber Optics & Laser Fiber Optics & Optical Fibers A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of…
Optics – Mirrors & Lenses
Optics – Mirrors & Lenses Light follows a rectilinear propagation (3 * 108 m/s) Umbra > Point source of light > Shadow (Total dark) Penumbra > Extended source of light > Shadow…
Systems of Units Measurement
Systems of Units Measurement The CGS (centimeter, gram, second) system Length is measured in centimeters, mass is measured in grams and time is measured in seconds. Thus centimeter, gram and…
Chalukya of Badami, Pallavas, Pandyas
Chalukya, Pallava, Pandyas 600 AD: 3 Main Kingdoms in South: Chalukya (Badami); Pallava (Kanchi); Pandyas (Madurai) Primary Language: Sanskrit Rise of agrarian economy + No megaliths + Decline in trade…
Harshavardhana (606 – 647 AD)
Harshavardhana (606 – 647 AD) After Gupta’s decline, Harshavardhana, a ruler of Thanesar, Haryana extended his authority over all fiduciaries Harshavardhana made Kannauj his capital & seat of power &…
Gupta Empire (400 – 600 AD)
Gupta Empire (400 – 600 AD) On ruins of Kushan Empire rose Gupta Empire Constituted majority of UP & Bihar Main center of power at Prayag (Allahabad) Founder of Gupta…
