Alloys, Hardness of Water & Important Chemical Compounds

Alloys

Stainless steel	Fe + Cr + Ni
Brass	Cu (80%) + Zn (20%) (Golden in Color)
Bronze	Cu (90%) + Sn (10%)
Solder	Pb (50%) + Sn (50%)
Steel	Fe + C
Magnalium	Al + Mg
Amalgam	Hg + Ag + Sn + Zn (used by dentists to fill teeth)
Duralium	Al + Mg + Cu + Mn (making aircrafts, satellites & kitchenware)

Hardness of Water

Soft Water	Produces leather with soap readily
Hard Water	Does not produce leather with soap readily Due to the presence of bicarbonates, sulphates & chlorides of “Calcium & Magnesium”

Temporary Hardness	Due to the presence of bicarbonates which can be removed easily by boiling & filtering
Permanent Hardness	Due to the presence of sulphates & chlorides which cannot be removed by simply boiling water
Heavy Water	Deuterium oxide (D2O) – Used as a moderator

Important Chemical Compounds

Cao (Quick Lime)	Used for white wash of houses after diluting with water i.e. Ca (OH)2 or slacked lime Also used in glass & cement manufacturing Used in purification of sugar
Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10H2O)	Used as detergent (Have cleaning properties) Na2CO3 anhydrous is known as Fly Ash Removes permanent hardness of water Used to make Borax
Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2)	Also known as chlorides of lime Bleaching agent in CaOCl2 is chlorine (makes colored substance colorless) Used in disinfecting water supply, bleaching cotton & in paper industry
Baking Soda (NaHCO3)	Used for faster cooking of food & baking cakes, breads etc. Used as Fire extinguishers (H2SO4 + NaHCO3 à CO2, which cuts oxygen supply) Also used as antacid
Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.1/2H2O)	Made by heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) Used in Plasters, fire proofing, wall smoothening, Making chalks & Statues
Soap	Na & K salt of long chain of fatty acids (carboxylic acid) Na salts – Hard soaps, K Salts – Soft soaps (Shaving foam & shampoo) Basic in nature On adding common salt, solubility of soap decreases in water (Salting out)
Detergent	Na salt of long chain of benzene sulphonic acid or alkyl hydrogen sulphate Used for washing even with hard water

Important Chemical Compounds – Colours

White Vitriol	Zinc Sulphate
Blue Vitriol	Copper sulphate (Aq)
Green Vitriol	Ferrous Sulphate
Wolfram	Tungeston
Super Halogen	Fluorine
Plastic Sulphur	Allotrope of sulphur (super cooled liquid)
Chlorine – Yellowish Green	Graphite – Black
Sulphur – Yellow	Bromine – Reddish Brown
Phosphorus	Red, White & Black (White – Most Reactive)

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