Temperature Control Panting in dogs and some other animals provides a means of controlling body temperature. This physiological response is used as a cooling mechanism. Coughing and Sneezing Irritation of…
Non Respiratory Functions Lung defense mechanisms Airways epithelial cells can secrete a variety of molecules that aid in lung defense. Secretory immunoglobulins (IgA), collections (including Surfactant A and D), defensins…
The Respiratory System The Respiratory System is the anatomical system of an organism that introduced respiratory gases to the interior and performs gas exchange. In humans and other mammals, the…
Human Digestive System The human digestive system is a complex series of organs and glands that processes food. In order to use the food, we eat, our body has to…
Other Nutrients Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals. These substances are generally more recent discoveries that have not yet been recognized as vitamins or as required. Phytochemicals may act as…
Water Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms; including urine and feces, sweating and by water vapour in the exhaled breath. Therefore, it is necessary to adequately rehydrate…
Vitamins As with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized…
Minerals Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The…
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