Artemis II Mission & the New Lunar Race: US–China Space Competition
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Why in News? The progress of the Artemis II marks a significant step in humanity’s return to the Moon. At the same time, it has intensified strategic competition between the…
RENÉ DESCARTES: COMPLETE PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT
Introduction René Descartes (1596–1650) is regarded as the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” He marked a decisive shift from medieval scholasticism to modern rationalism. His philosophy emphasizes reason as the primary…
George Berkeley’s Philosophy
Introduction George Berkeley (1685–1753) is one of the most radical empiricist philosophers, who transformed empiricism into a form of subjective idealism (immaterialism). While following John Locke in emphasizing experience as…
Plato – Western Political Thought
Introduction Plato (427–347 BCE) is one of the greatest philosophers in Western political thought. A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, Plato developed a comprehensive political philosophy that aimed…
Attributes of God
Introduction The concept of God in many philosophical and religious traditions refers to a supreme, perfect, and ultimate being. To understand such a being, philosophers analyze the attributes or qualities…
David Hume’s Philosophy
Introduction David Hume (1711–1776) is one of the most influential empiricist philosophers and a central figure of the Enlightenment. He represents the culmination of British empiricism, following John Locke and…
P. F. Strawson – Concept of Person
Introduction F. Strawson developed the concept of Person in his famous essay “Persons” (1959), where he tried to resolve the traditional philosophical problem of the mind–body relationship. Traditional philosophy often…
LOGICAL POSITIVISM – RUDOLF CARNAP & A.J. AYER
Introduction Logical Positivism was a philosophical movement that developed in the early 20th century and is associated with the Vienna Circle. It was strongly influenced by Bertrand Russell’s Logical Atomism…
Leibniz’s Philosophy
1. Introduction Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) is one of the greatest Rationalist philosophers, alongside René…
Religious Pluralism and the Problem of Absolute Truth
Introduction In the modern world, people of different religions live together in increasingly interconnected societies. This diversity raises an important philosophical question: Can multiple religions be true at the same…
Jainism and Buddhism as Religion
Introduction Jainism and Buddhism are two important religious and philosophical traditions that originated in ancient India during the 6th century BCE. Both traditions emerged as reform movements against certain ritualistic…
Immortality of the Soul
Introduction The concept of the immortality of the soul is one of the most important ideas in philosophy and religion. It refers to the belief that the human soul or…
