Maratha

Shivaji (1627 – 1680)

• Born at Shivner (Father [arr] Shahji Bhosale, Mother [arr] Jija Bai)
• Inherited Jagir of Poona from his father in 1637
• Continuous fight with Aurangzeb
• Shaishta khan captured Poona, but Shivaji reclaimed it
• Aurangzeb sent Raja jai Singh of Amber, who besieged Purander fort [arr] Treaty of Purander, 1665
• Treaty of Purander [arr] Shivaji surrendered 23 / 35 forts to Mughals & said to be loyal to Mughal empire.
• In 1674, Shivaji recaptured all his lost territory & crowned himself at Raigarh assuming the title of Chhtrapati

Administration

• King was pivot at the center, led by COM’s called “Astapradhan”

• Peshwa [arr] Finance & General administrator (Later became PM)
• Amatya [arr] Accountant General
• Sar – i – Naubat / Senapati [arr] Military commander
• Waqnavis [arr] Intelligence & Household affairs
• Sachiv [arr] Correspondence
• Sumanta [arr] Master of ceremonies
• Nyayadhish [arr] Justice Chief
• Pandit Rao [arr] Charities & Religious admin

• Appointed his own revenue official “Karkuns” diminishing the power of existing Deshmukhs & Kulkarnis

Taxes

• From neighboring kingdoms of Mughals & Deccan
• Chauth [arr] 1 / 4 of the land revenue to Marathas (for not attacking them & keeping safe)
• Deshmukhis [arr] levy of 1/10 on lands Marathas claimed hereditary rights (Maratha land)

Peshwas (1713 – 1818)

• Balaji Vishvanath [arr] under Maratha ruler Shahu
• Baji Rao [arr] under Maratha ruler Shahu
• Balaji Baji Rao [arr] became King & ruler of Marathas (Shahu Died)

Agreement with Mughals

• Balaji Bajirao came into agreement with Mughals in 1752
• Protection of Mughals in exchange of revenue (Chauth) from Northern provinces

3^rd Battle of Panipat

• Ahmed Shah Abdali vs Balaji Bajirao
• When Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded India, Marathas fought for Mughals.
• Balaji Bajirao got defeated & died in 3^rd battle of Panipat.